Modern methods for correcting a small lower jaw

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Malocclusion is a fairly common phenomenon that can be confidently interpreted as a diagnosis.

These are not only external defects of the maxillofacial apparatus, but also pathologies that cause certain harm to human health.

At the same time, there are often cases when the harm goes beyond the dental framework - difficulty chewing food leads to dysfunction of the gastric system.

One of these bite deviations is a pronounced defect in the development of the jaw. It manifests itself both in its size and in insufficient width or fragmented crowding of the dentition.

Definition

The concept of “small lower jaw” in orthodontics is not clearly defined.

This diagnosis is classified into several types, differing in the clinical picture of the anomaly.

Micrognathia

Mandibular micrognathia is a defective or too long-term development of an organ that goes beyond the norm.

The defect can affect both the entire jaw and its individual areas, for example, affecting only one lateral part.

Prognathia

It is considered a phenomenon directly opposite to the case described above.

The organ corresponds to the normal parameters, but with the pronounced size of the upper jaw, it seems that it is too small.

Experts often call this disease false prognathia.

Possible consequences

In addition to the aesthetic aspect, underdevelopment of the lower jaw can cause serious harm to a person’s health. The following problems may occur:

• malocclusion;
• disruption of the auditory and respiratory organs;
• persistent problems with chewing and swallowing, which ultimately leads to problems in the gastrointestinal tract;
• the absence of some teeth and deformation of existing ones;
• weakening of the immune system in general, and, as a result, frequent illnesses.

For adults, the treatment process may take longer. If microgenia is congenital, then it is necessary to contact a professional as soon as possible.

Signs

The main sign indicating the presence of this disease is the visual observability of an anomaly - such a defect is visible to the naked eye, and you do not need to be a specialist in orthodontics to determine such a deviation in a person.

In addition, pathology deforms the natural proportions of the maxillofacial apparatus. The chin becomes sharp and slightly raised upward. Doctors even defined this phenomenon as “bird beard.”

It is important to understand that this is not just a cosmetic defect; micrognathia threatens its “owner” with the development of the pathology of tongue retraction, which is considered a serious disease.

The anomaly causes frequent uncontrollable attacks of suffocation and poses a serious threat to the patient's life.

The disease is often diagnosed based on this characteristic feature - excessive retraction of the chin leads to wrinkling of the skin in its area, and the horizontal fold between the chin and lip is smoothed out.

In addition, underdevelopment of the lower jaw often goes hand in hand with chromosomal mutation processes, which leads to Patau syndrome.

A clear sign indicating the presence of this defect is also the incorrect location of individual fragments of the dentition.

In the case when some organs are missing, neighboring teeth change the direction of growth, trying to spontaneously fill the free space.

How is it diagnosed?

Pruzansky classified mandibular hypoplasia as grade 1, 2, or even 3. Class 1 refers to the small size of the lower jaw, regardless of the average configuration. Some patients were diagnosed with congenital hypoplasia of the mandible, devoid of any recognized syndrome. Diagnosis of the lower jaw includes:

1. Hypoplasia of the lower jaw;
2. Hyperplasia of the lower jaw;
3. Hypoplasia of the lower jaw with dentoalveolar hyperplasia;
4. Hyperplasia of the lower jaw with dentoalveolar hyperplasia;
5. Dentoalveolar hyperplasia;
6. Neonatal enamel hypoplasia associated with premature birth or possibly early febrile illness.

Significant signs are also rib rupture defects, which can contribute to rib fracture. This jaw hypoplasia occurs in children with a special focus on the respiratory tract. Mandibular hypoplasia can be classified according to the Pruzansky classification system developed in 1969. The underlying pathology is actually mandibular hypoplasia, which throughout fetal life creates an inability for the tongue to migrate caudally, causing abnormal tongue positioning and obstruction of regular palate growth.

Causes

This type of anomaly can be triggered by the following factors, some of which are external, and some are internal:

• unbalanced diet of a woman during pregnancy - in this situation, the defect is formed already at the stage of intrauterine development of the fetus;
• chromosomal mutations that cause deviations in the normal growth and development of the baby during pregnancy;
• genetic predisposition;
• Robin's syndrome is a congenital anomaly of the anatomical structure of the facial apparatus;
• too early loss of baby teeth or permanent organs in adulthood , as well as a fairly long change from a temporary bite to a permanent one;
• difficulty breathing through the nose , associated with the structure of the nasal septum or chronic diseases of the nasopharynx;
• mechanical organ injury.

Everything about correct orthognathic occlusion, its signs and characteristics.

Let's talk here about the treatment of dental dystopia.

Follow the link https://orto-info.ru/zubocheliustnye-anomalii/okklyuzii/glubokiy-prikus.html if you are interested in methods of treating deep bites in adults and children.

Diagnostic methods

Micrognathia can be detected even at the stage of intrauterine fetal formation. For this purpose, the echography method is used. Also, the presence of deviations in jaw development is indicated by a large volume of amniotic fluid.

Micrognathia is a pathological process characterized by insufficient development of the upper or lower jaw.

The disease is manifested by malocclusion, facial deformation, problems with respiratory function, recessed tongue, and improper teething.

Echography is used to detect pathology in the fetus. Examination of an adult includes a visual examination and an orthopantogram.

Treatment is conservative and surgical methods.

In an adult, the disease is diagnosed by external examination of the facial part of the head and collecting information about the clinical manifestations of the pathology. Additionally, an orthopantogram is prescribed.

This method involves taking a panoramic photograph of both jaws, on the basis of which it is possible to establish the nature and characteristics of the anomaly. The data obtained after the orthopantogram will be used to determine the treatment regimen for micrognathia.

Treatment

Methods for eliminating micrognathia depend on the degree of development of the pathology, the age of the patient and can be gentle or radical.

In the first case, treatment is carried out gradually through the use of special bite-leveling structures, and in the second, surgeons are involved in the work.

In children

In childhood, this deviation is easy and in most cases, successfully, treated mainly with therapeutic methods, and with rare exceptions, surgically:

• sanitation of the oral cavity – complete restoration of damaged tooth segments, as well as removal of affected root areas. Restoring the integrity of periodontal tissues using general and targeted spectrum agents;
• pediatric prosthetics – indicated for early loss of mammary organs. The voids are filled by splinting or attaching temporary devices that maintain the correct position of growing teeth and correct the size of the jaw arch;
• correction of language function and normalization of the respiratory system - in the first case, this is surgical cutting of the frenulum, which is done quickly and almost painlessly. In the second - surgical alignment of the partitions, followed by rehabilitation exercises;
• myogymnastics – tonic effect on the muscle tissue of the organ through special gymnastic exercises.
  It is advisable to carry out with children 4–6 years of age, when in case of underdeveloped pathology this method can be used as the main method of treating the defect.

  With positive dynamics, the need for subsequent installation of orthopedic structures, as a rule, no longer arises;

• leveling the unevenness of the chewing surface using the method of grinding (fissures) - an ideal solution for a slight deviation in jaw closure;
• the use of leveling systems and structures is carried out when the anomaly is too pronounced, when other correction methods are ineffective. Wearing mouth guards and plates, and in infancy special nipples, gradually brings the deviation back to normal.

In adults

Treatment of patients whose bite has already been formed takes longer, and methods for correcting it are most often more radical.

Bone grafting

The essence of the method comes down to artificial extension using a graft. Bone tissue is taken from other areas of the patient’s tissue, which guarantees good survival of the material.

Fixation of the grafted fragments is carried out using screws made of high-quality, durable alloy of titanium components. This is done as follows:

• the lower organ is incised;
• the hard tissue is moved apart and the osteoplast is immersed inside;
• fixed with screws;
• intermediate voids are filled with special plastic chips;
• implantation of the membrane and suturing of the organ.

The main advantages of the method are the rapid survival rate and reliability of the procedure; the jaw augmented in this way retains its functionality for many years.

Disadvantage: individual intolerance to components and osteoplast fixatives.

In the video, watch the process of bone grafting for anomalies of the lower jaw.

Bone grafting plus liposculpture

Plastic surgery of hard bone tissue is carried out similarly to the option described above, with the difference that in parallel, aspiration of the local accumulation of fatty tissue is carried out using a vacuum method.

The technique qualitatively solves the aesthetic problem of underdeveloped chin caused by this pathology, corrects its shape, evens out the oval of the face and, in a sense, resembles the effect obtained from lifting the chin area.

The advantage is a high aesthetic result, the disadvantage is the high cost of the procedure and the presence of a large number of contraindications to its implementation.

Causes of open bite development and its dangerous consequences.

In this article we will discuss treatment methods for microdentia.

At this address https://orto-info.ru/zubocheliustnye-anomalii/ryadov/suzhenie.html we offer details about the treatment of narrowing of the dentition.

Endoprosthetics

It is made with harmless facial implants from non-biological components - silicone, porous polyethylene or cartilage extract. The desired shape is given to the device directly during the operation.

The implant is inserted through deep incisions in the mucous cavity, which leaves no postoperative traces. The product is inserted into the subperiosteum in lateral fragments into the chin area and attached to it with surgical sutures to fix its position.

The disadvantage of this method is the rather long recovery period.

Lipofilling

This option is considered to be a non-surgical correction, which is its main advantage.

The method allows you to give the chin the desired shape through pinpoint needle injection of fat cells into the subcutaneous area, in those areas where an increase in the size of the chin is required.

The entire procedure takes no more than an hour. The rehabilitation period passes quickly and without complications. The only drawback is that 30% of the implanted tissue fragments are rejected by the body, which requires repeated lipofilling 5-6 months after the first procedure.

To learn how chin augmentation is performed using lipofilling, watch the video.

Symptoms of microgenia

Dentists consider the following signs of microgenia of the lower jaw:

• Recessed lower lip;
• Formed cleft palate;
• Glossoptosis (underdeveloped tongue, often recessed);
• Difficulty in breathing;
• Deformation of the lower row of teeth;
• The lower teeth erupt in the wrong places, get out of the general line (this happens against the background of a well-formed upper row of teeth);
• With a pronounced anomaly of the lower jaw, a violation of facial proportions is observed. Symmetry will be preserved if the pathology is mild;
• Limited mobility of the lower jaw (this causes problems with fully chewing solid foods and biting).

Prices

The approximate cost of treating a defect of abnormal development of the lower jaw is given in the table:

Prevention

In some cases, the development of such a defect can be completely avoided by following the following recommendations:

• preference should be given to breastfeeding , and if this is not possible, control the hole on the nipple - it should not be large in size;
• it is necessary to choose the right pacifier so that its position does not put constant pressure on the weak bone tissue of the gums;
• timely treatment of dental diseases.

A small lower jaw is a cosmetic defect or a serious pathology

What malocclusions are encountered in dental practice? And a small lower jaw is not uncommon.

Such a defect is not only an aesthetic problem, but also serious risks for the health of the entire body.

What prevents the normal development of bone tissue, and what can cause this disease? Let's try to sort out all these questions today.

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