The replacement of baby teeth with permanent ones is a natural physiological process that every child experiences. It usually begins in preschool age and proceeds without difficulty. But parents need to approach it responsibly, since any violations when changing teeth are fraught with unpleasant consequences. This may be the formation of a malocclusion, uneven teeth, or the occurrence of a diastema (interdental gap).
In this article we will consider the correct sequence of tooth replacement, possible violations, and situations when consultation with a pediatric dentist is necessary.
Why and when do baby teeth change?
As the child grows, the dentofacial apparatus also develops. At approximately 4–6 years of age, the preparatory stage begins, during which interdental spaces appear. This prepares the place for permanent teeth in the primary dentition.
The process of replacing baby teeth with permanent teeth is a slow process, taking approximately 6 or 7 years (until adolescence). Active growth of the roots of permanent teeth activates the process of bone resorption - this is the destruction (dissolution) of milk roots, which leads to loosening and tooth loss. Standard diagram of the sequence of changing baby teeth in a child.
- Central lower incisors (5–7 years). They fall out one by one with a short time interval.
- Lateral incisors (7–8 years).
- First molars on the upper jaw, second molars on the lower jaw (9–11 years)
- Cone-shaped teeth (canines) at the age of 9–12 years.
- Second molars on the upper jaw and first molars on the lower jaw (10–13 years)
Not everyone's third molars (wisdom teeth) erupt. This is considered the norm. Most often, the optimal age for them is considered to be from 17 to 25 years.
Reference!
The later the first teeth erupted in infancy, the later they will be replaced in preschool age.
By the age of 15–16, a teenager’s permanent bite should number 28 units.
Deadlines
At the age of five, teeth can become mobile. Then the process of loss and growth of new ones begins:
- six to seven years – lower and then upper central incisors;
- seven to eight years - the lateral incisors change;
- eight to ten years – first molars;
- nine to eleven years – fangs;
- eleven to thirteen are second molars.
The correct formation of the jaw depends on many factors: how the pregnancy proceeded, how long the child was breastfed, what infectious diseases were suffered, etc.
What deviations from the norm may there be?
Each child develops individually. Sometimes the timing of the replacement of certain teeth may differ from the generally accepted norm. Minor deviations are allowed up to 12 months. But sometimes the change in the primary bite begins too early or, on the contrary, the temporary teeth do not want to fall out.
Causes:
- long-term breastfeeding;
- severe infectious diseases in infancy;
- pathologies of intrauterine development.
Reference!
Dentists believe that a safer deviation is a late change in the primary occlusion than vice versa.
Let us consider in detail the common violations and their causes.
Early tooth loss
We can talk about such a pathology if a child’s baby teeth begin to fall out before the age of 5. Possible reasons:
- advanced multiple caries;
- injury;
- gum disease;
- manual loosening of the tooth.
In all these cases, consultation with a pediatric dentist is required.
Important!
Parents should record the time of tooth loss. If after 4 months the permanent tooth does not begin to emerge, then the help of a doctor is required.
In case of early unnatural tooth loss, it is advisable to conduct an X-ray diagnosis. This will help to identify possible damage to the permanent root rudiment in time and begin treatment. Otherwise, the child will need prosthetics in the future.
Late change from primary to permanent occlusion
The deadline for starting the process of changing baby teeth is 8 years. But this is considered a late shift. The disorder may be caused by:
- heredity;
- metabolic disorders;
- infectious diseases suffered in early childhood;
- mental disorders.
If after 8 years a child has not lost a single baby tooth, this is a reason to consult a doctor.
Is it possible for children to lose molars?
In childhood, molars are just emerging, so, of course, they cannot fall out in a healthy baby. Sometimes parents confuse large molars located deep in the jaw with permanent teeth. And they get scared when a child brings such a large tooth in his palm.
You can lose your permanent dentition as a result of an inflammatory process in the oral cavity - periodontitis. Or against the background of scurvy, a rare disease in modern society associated with a chronic lack of vitamin C in the diet.
But despite this, if you have any doubts, you should consult a doctor. After all, bite formation is a responsible process. And if it is carried out under the supervision of a specialist, there is a much greater chance that the teeth will grow healthy, even and beautiful. To do this, you need to undergo regular dental examinations. And if the dentist recommends consulting an orthodontist, you should not refuse this recommendation.
Reasons for late eruption
Normally, after a baby tooth falls out, it takes 1-2 months for the permanent tooth to erupt. This is the longest period. In most cases, the rudiments of a permanent tooth can already be seen at the site of the lost tooth.
But, if a child’s toothless smile persists for 3 months or more, then this is a cause for concern for parents.
Let's consider why such dental pathology occurs:
- Retention
– a common condition that mainly affects the incisors and canines. They cannot erupt due to dense gums or because they rest against neighboring teeth. There are complete and partial retention. With the full form, a healthy root is visible in the picture, but it is completely under the gum. With partial retention, only part of the crown is visible. In this case, surgical assistance is required.
- Edentia
– a congenital pathology in which there is a lack of rudiments of permanent dental units. Can be complete or partial (sparse teeth). A rare disease. Orthopedic treatment is required as early as possible.
- Impact
– delayed eruption in this pathology is associated with a mechanical obstacle, that is, the child has a supernumerary of dental units. In this case, the permanent root simply does not have room to erupt. Impaction can only be detected using a panoramic x-ray of the jaw.
The sooner the child is examined by a doctor, the higher the chance of having an even and complete dentition.
If a tooth is broken
In case of injury, partial destruction of the crown is possible: it breaks off, but the root remains in place. If the patient breaks a crown, you need to:
- if possible, save the fragment (perhaps the doctor will be able to use it during restoration);
- contact a dentist for examination and consultation;
- take diagnostic images to assess the condition of the root and make sure that it has not been injured;
- perform recovery as quickly as possible.
Recovery is performed in several ways. In case of severe destruction, an artificial crown is installed (possible provided that the root is not damaged and the chip or fracture line passes above the gum). If half of the crown is broken or the chip is small, restoration with a composite is possible (using a pin for strengthening if the damage is large, or without it if the chip is superficial). An urgent visit to the dentist is necessary because the pulp may be exposed and vulnerable to infections. Even if the treatment requires the installation of an artificial crown, at the first appointment the doctor will install a temporary crown or filling, perform antiseptic treatment, and other procedures to prevent inflammation and infection.
Possible problems when changing baby teeth
Common dental pathologies when changing a primary dentition to a permanent one include:
- Shark teeth. A phenomenon in which baby and permanent teeth are located parallel to each other, in 2 rows. This arrangement can interfere with the normal development of the dental system. But in most cases, the temporary root becomes loose, and the “extra” tooth falls out on its own. If this does not happen, removal at the doctor's office is recommended.
- Increased pain. Sometimes a change in the milk bite is accompanied by increased body temperature, redness of the gums and severe pain. These symptoms usually accompany early or late change of teeth. Inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity may also be the cause.
- The appearance of a hematoma.
In rare cases, when molars erupt, a hematoma occurs on the gum in the form of a small bubble with an accumulation of blood. This occurs due to severe eruption, which leads to rupture of blood vessels. The gums may be pale in color. Pain and discomfort occurs. If suppuration occurs, medical attention is required.
If pathological phenomena do not go away for a long time, and the child is irritable and complains of pain, be sure to visit the dentist.
The most common dental injuries
Tooth luxation:
- complete luxation (the tooth has fallen out of its socket)
- partial luxation (the tooth has moved but has not fallen out)
- impacted dislocation (the crown part of the tooth is pressed into the gum and bone; the tooth becomes shorter in appearance, and perhaps it is completely invisible).
Tooth fracture:
- chipped piece of enamel
- chipping of the crown within the dentin without damage to the dental pulp
- fracture of the tooth crown with damage to the pulp (blood is visible at the fracture site)
- tooth root fracture
When teeth are injured, soft tissues (lips and gums), the alveolar process (the bone in which the tooth root is located) and the jaw can be damaged. This creates an additional psychological impact on the victim and people providing assistance. Don't panic and stay calm.
What not to do when baby teeth fall out
Incorrect actions of children and parents can lead to the formation of malocclusion, increased pain, or the formation of crooked teeth. To avoid this, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:
- Don't help baby teeth fall out if they are straight and not loose. Even if, according to the child’s age, it is high time for him to have a toothless smile.
- Don't loosen your teeth with your hands. And do not pull them at home, for example, with a thread.
- Baby teeth are quite fragile in preschool age. Therefore, your child should not indulge in solid foods. The crown may break, but the root will remain in the gum.
- If a tooth falls out, do not allow your child to touch the socket with his tongue or hands. Gentle rinsing with antiseptic solutions or herbal decoctions is recommended.
If you have a fever, cough or lethargy, do not rush to resort to antiviral drugs. Poor health can be a harbinger of the imminent change of baby teeth.
Tips for parents
During the period of teeth change, you should enrich your baby’s food with foods that are rich in calcium. To prevent inflammation in your mouth, make it a habit to rinse your mouth every time you eat or have a snack. As permanent teeth erupt, offer your baby soft or liquid foods. Avoid hot drinks.
If slight bleeding occurs when a baby tooth falls out, do not use alcohol tinctures. Apply a cotton ball to the wound and do not allow food for 2 hours. In order to promptly identify possible irregularities in the eruption of the permanent dentition, it is recommended to record the date of baby tooth loss.
Beautiful, straight and healthy teeth in adults are the result of proper care in childhood. Therefore, parents should teach their child proper oral hygiene from the first tooth.
