Half-wing, zone 14, xG, counter-pressing, inverted winger: learning the terminology of tactical geeks

Build-up dental restoration – price, features, advantages

Dental restoration – price from 6,000
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Build-up is a tooth restoration technology that allows you to perform a complete aesthetic restoration, maintain functionality, and avoid removal. The technique is used provided that the root is not destroyed. It is carried out in stages. It involves strengthening the roots with a metal or fiberglass pin and layer-by-layer restoration of the crown with a composite material.

DentoSpas uses Build-up technology to restore pulpless teeth with severely damaged crowns. We use high-quality materials and strictly follow the treatment protocol, which guarantees excellent results.

It is carried out in several stages.

Endodontic treatment. During it, the pulp, decay products of infected dentin and pulp are removed, and instrumental and medicinal treatment of the root canals is carried out. This allows you to completely eliminate the source of infection, prevent re-infection and tissue inflammation.

Installation of the pin. This is a structure that reinforces, strengthens dentin, strengthens it, and allows you to restore the crown. It is installed inside the root canals and ensures reliable connection of the composite composition with the roots.

Restoration. It is performed layer by layer, with individual selection of the shade of the composite material, complete restoration of the shape and anatomical features of the destroyed crown.

The use of technology allows you to get by with just one visit to the doctor. If the root canals become infected, two visits may be required (elimination of infection during the first visit, restoration at the second visit).

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Features of the technology

Not only aesthetic restoration is expected, but also functionality is preserved. If the crown is severely damaged, depulpation is performed. This increases the risk of fracture in the future and requires strengthening of the roots.

Build-up allows you to perform this strengthening most effectively:

• pressure from the coronal part to the root is transmitted evenly, the chewing load is distributed correctly;
• when installing a pin and subsequent restoration, the features of the cavity formed during endodontic treatment are taken into account;
• When filling, compounds are used that give the least shrinkage and fill the formed cavities and root canals as tightly as possible.

When restoring using Build-up technology, active pins are not used, which create excess pressure inside the root canals.

Instead, passive titanium or fiberglass are used, which are fixed inside the channel by cementation. The material, method of fixation, and shape of the rod are selected individually.

In this case, the doctor takes into account the location of its installation, condition, anatomical features of the crown and roots, the plan for further treatment, etc.

The installed structure made of metal or fiberglass performs reinforcing functions, fixes, strengthens, preserves dentin tissue, and serves as the basis for fixing the composite restoration material.

Application

Restoration of crowns damaged by 50% or more.

Strengthening the roots if the dentin in the treated canals is thinner than 2-2.5 mm.

Increased age-related mineralization of dentin (only installation of passive pins using Build-up technology is possible, since active pins, when screwed in, will create an excessive load on the dentin, which can cause it to crack).

Advantages

• Complete restoration in 1-2 visits to the dentist.
• Safe, biocompatible materials are used for treatment. They do not cause allergies, inflammation, or rejection reactions.
• Careful root canal treatment minimizes the risk of re-infection.
• Using a passive pin is a gentle option for root strengthening.
• The coronal part is restored layer by layer with a high-quality composite, matched to the enamel. During restoration, artistic restoration is performed: the shape, size, and anatomical features of the destroyed crown are accurately reproduced. The tooth looks natural and does not stand out in the dentition.
• Long lasting results. The biomechanical properties of the composite used for restoration are no different from dentin tissue. The use of a pin further strengthens it and ensures reliable adhesion between the crown and roots.

The DentoSpas clinic performs dental restoration using Build-up technology using passive titanium and fiberglass pins and high-quality composite materials.

Prices for Build-Up dental restoration:

Source: https://dentospas.ru/vosstanovlenie/build-up/

Tooth inlay: why is it needed and what is it? || Build up in dentistry

“Reconstructive”: they are used for prosthetics of broken, severely worn teeth and in cases where it is necessary to change the inclination of the crown.

Advantages

The only way to fully restore a badly damaged tooth and/or strengthen the remaining root for further prosthetics (artificial crowns or other structures).

Flaws

Significant processing is used only in the reconstruction of “dead” teeth.

Composite

They are used in the same cases as stump ones - but under more favorable conditions (more walls are preserved, less destruction). These are also “tooth inlays”.

Advantages

Production speed: can be produced in one visit. Requires less processing. The cost is lower than that of core and ceramic inlays

Flaws

The greater the destruction, the less strength. Insufficient strength when used in chewing teeth.

All-ceramic

The fundamental difference is that they are placed on “living” teeth, i.e. with preserved nerve. They are used for large chips or as an alternative to conventional fillings for large carious cavities, when it is necessary to change the relief of the chewing surface/to increase the tooth by 1-1.5 mm. These are basically “tooth inlays”.

Advantages

High strength, naturalness, ability to restore chips with relatively little processing, long service life.

Flaws (-)

Requires high precision of work and time for production in a dental laboratory, high cost

Stump

They occur most often. Using their example, you can understand in general terms what dental inlays are, indications and contraindications for them, and general manufacturing principles.

A tooth ground for a crown is called a “stump.” The system implies that the structure is glued (“embedded”) inside the preserved root (as you can see, the name is quite contextual). Such systems resemble a mushroom: the “cap” is the “stump” itself (located above the gum, where the future artificial crown will be), and the “leg” of the tab is fixed in the root canal (see photo).

Stump variant

Used to build up and strengthen “dead” teeth - with a removed nerve, (otherwise - pulpless). Condition: the root should not be soft, rotten, it should not hurt or wobble. The root should not be destroyed under the gum. It is worth noting here that often, due to anatomical features, it is impossible to make inlays for wisdom teeth (“eights”).

Stump systems are the only complete way to restore a destroyed root level with the gum. They strengthen and build up the front (incisors, canines) and lateral, chewing (premolars and molars) teeth of both jaws before prosthetics, when necessary.

The preparation operation and installation are painless, since the work takes place on a “dead tooth.” The patient may only feel a slight vibration or slight heating of the tooth during treatment.

They are used when the crown (the part above the gum - what they actually chew with) is destroyed by half or more. The more left of the tooth, the better for fixing the core system.

Next, such a tooth can be replaced with an artificial metal-ceramic or any other crown, and placed under the support of a bridge.

One of the decisive factors that determines whether the root can be saved is the extent of tooth decay relative to the gum. If the root wall is destroyed by 1 mm or more under the gum, then the tightness of the connection between the “artificial crown inlay” and the root will be compromised. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely remove or close such destruction.

Stump systems are made from metals (usually cobalt-chromium or nickel-chromium alloys, in case of severe allergies - from gold alloys), zirconium dioxide (valuable for prosthetics of the anterior group of teeth). Metal ones are quite small, weightless, metal detector frames do not react to them, their presence is not a contraindication to MRI.

All-composite

There is a new type of composite material that allows the creation of monolithic, durable, core systems directly in the oral cavity. Special “macro-filled composites” are used, just like conventional fillings, which harden under the light of a dental lamp, but are much stronger and more stable.

They are used in teeth that bear a small load - central, small molars, while preserving most of them. Its relatively recent appearance and insufficient statistics on long-term use make it difficult to reliably assess effectiveness.

Ceramic

One of the types of “metal-free prosthetics”. On a number of points they differ fundamentally from those previously considered. Borderline with such denture structures as veneers.

Ceramic inlays are:

• inlay (installation occurs in the tooth);
• onlay (onlay) is an option in the form of an overlay on the enamel;
• overlay (overlay) design that restores up to a third of the tooth.

Photo of all-ceramic systems on a model

They all look like plates or whole pieces of ceramics (press ceramics), glued to the tooth with special cement (requiring “transmission” with a dental lamp).

They are used to restore chipped living teeth or as a replacement for large conventional fillings. Relevant when restoring damage to the “living” anterior ones located in the smile zone. The tooth must be alive, not hurt, not loose, and be healthy from caries.

This is a good alternative to conventional fillings. Such ceramic systems are a single piece of ceramic with a strong, single crystalline structure. They are stronger than usual and practically do not wear out. Over time, their marginal fit does not change - caries underneath them (“secondary caries”) is practically eliminated. In appearance they are identical to the tooth’s own tissues.

Such fillings have become widespread in Western Europe: due to their strength and aesthetic characteristics, and better biocompatibility with the human body. But such ceramic inlays require careful attention, regular care and cleaning. You should not chew crackers or other hard objects on them.

(about the production of all-ceramic fillings)

Ceramic inlays also include one of the types of adhesive bridges (the so-called Maryland bridges).

They consist of an artificial porcelain tooth, fixed in specially cut grooves on the adjacent ones. Such a bridge structure can replace one small tooth - for example, an anterior tooth or one small molar.

This design is temporary, for beauty (let your missing tooth act incognito).

Maryland bridge

Installation Features

All inlays require grinding of teeth: the difference lies in the volume.

Initially, solid core systems require significant processing: the root canal is processed by approximately half or two-thirds. If the tooth is multi-rooted (two non-parallel canals or more), a collapsible core inlay is made (see video and picture). The dentist then creates a small platform for the core part.

Multi-root collapsible: they are inserted along one or two root canals parallel to each other and are wedged with an additional locking pin - and the pin is inserted at an angle to the main root canals, so the tab is mechanically wedged inside the tooth. After the cement has hardened, the remaining fragment of the locking pin above it is carefully sawed off, and the filling is polished (see video).

(video on dismountable stump systems)

Ceramic requires minimal processing.

In case of restoration of a chip, it is only necessary to slightly grind the sharp edges of the enamel - this will be enough (due to the properties of light-curing cement, there is no need to form complex support platforms for fastening the structure). If you need to install a filling or replace an old one, the treatment is the same as for a regular light-polymer one.

Pain under the tab

Normally, nothing under it should hurt.

The causes of pain may be:

1. Overbite. The crown on the stump or ceramic filling is made higher than it should be. Pain when biting, sometimes when touched. They pass quickly without load. The problem is solved by grinding.
2. Pain under ceramic fillings: errors in preparing the cavity for the inlay. Grinding or replacement is required.
3. Pressure from the edge of the crown on the gum. If you do not make a temporary crown on the stump inlay, the gum may “float” to the edge and when the permanent crown is fixed, such gum may hurt for some time. The pain goes away within a few minutes after cementing the crown.
4. Root fracture. Other options should be ruled out first. Always verified by x-ray. The pain is constant and intensifies when you touch the tooth. Often accompanied by swelling of the gums, sometimes bleeding. A root fracture is an indication for root removal

What does counterpressing, xG, half-flank, build-up mean?

The “Championship” occasionally publishes tactical analyzes of matches or teams and coaches. Fans of texts from tactical geeks already know what all these complex newfangled terms like xG and half-flank mean, but readers who decide to read the analysis for the first time risk getting confused. Especially for fearless people who want to understand tactics, we are releasing a dictionary of tactical terms. From this day on, we will insert a link to this material into our analyzes to make it easier for novice readers to navigate complex terms and special words.

First/second/final thirds

. Let's start with an easy one: dividing the field into equal parts with two horizontal lines, we get three sections. The first section, which is closer to the goal of the team in question, is the “first” or “own third”. The second section is the “second third” (center of the field), the third is the “third” or “final third,” respectively.

Half flank

. Everything is simple here - if we divide the field not by the usual three vertical lines, but by five, then we will get two flanks on the edges and a center, and half-flanks between them. But why in texts about tactics do they divide the field into 5 parts, and not into 3, as in the old fashioned way?

This one is a little more complicated. The half-wings are a key area on the football field because they are easier to break into than the center, and the half-wings are closer to the goal than the wings. This is where the full-back and centre-back responsibilities meet in four-at-the-back formations, which are still much more popular than three-centre-back formations. Often, an attacker, winger or center, when moving to the half-flank, becomes free for a short period of time - the opposing defenders simply do not have time to pass him to each other. Moreover, full-backs who connect high naturally leave not only the flanks open, but also the half-flanks.

Even in the second third, using the half-flank is a good idea: against any formation, it is through this zone that it is more profitable to break the pressure or pass the “bus”.

Zone 14.

If you divide the field into 18 equal squares as shown in the picture, then zone 14 is located in front of the penalty area in the center. According to statistical analysts, the most successful teams of the late 90s and early 2000s (Manchester United and the French national team) made best use of zone 14. The fact is that in zone 14 the player with the ball has the largest and best choice of further decisions, whether then pass the ball into the penalty area or shoot from a rather dangerous position. Successful teams know how to get the ball into the 14 zone and use it wisely.

xG (xGA, xPTS, NPxG, etc.).

Expected goals, that is, expected goals, is a metric that determines the quality of a certain shot. In fact, the decimal that is assigned to each shot is the chance of scoring from that position and situation. The chance is calculated based on many factors: the distance to the goal, the number of opposing players in the path of the ball, the part of the body that was hit, and many others. These criteria vary in different analytical companies, but the essence is the same.

The xG system has objective disadvantages: attacks that do not end in hits are not taken into account; the skill of a particular football player is not taken into account in any way (on the other hand, this is how you can calculate a player who is okay with finishing); the numbers often look strange when you compare the system chance with the broadcast moment. In short, over a short distance (match, month), xG cannot be used as the only argument in a dispute, for example, who looked better in a particular game.

Everything is clear with derivative indicators. Expected goals allowed - xGA, expected points scored - xPTS, expected goals excluding penalties - NPxG, expected assists (that is, xG of a teammate after a pass) - xA.

Clear moment, or Big Chance

- a dangerous moment that the eye defines as “sure” or “should have landed”, and the player who did not score this moment is scolded for a day or two after the game. This correlates with expected goals approximately like this: 0.3 xG and more is a clear highlight.

PPDA.

A metric that determines the intensity of pressure. It stands for Passes allowed Per Defensive Action, that is, “allowed passes for defensive action” (i.e. for each tackle, interception, and so on). Probably the most popular metric at the moment for measuring pressure, but, of course, it has several disadvantages, for example:

* some teams, even under high pressure, do not try to take the ball away from the opponent themselves, but force him to make a mistake;

* PPDA does not take into account whether a team is leading or losing, which is why, for example, Liverpool, which often took the lead at the very beginning of the match in the fall of 2022, had a noticeable drop in PPDA compared to the previous season.

Again, over the long term this is a good indicator, but trying to compare the intensity of pressing from one game to the next is a bad idea.

Build-up

– a team’s exit from its goal to attack. Typically, the build-up involves a goalkeeper, defenders and one or two defensive midfielders, and players from other positions (outside midfielders, number ten, etc.) can also come to help build attacks. The conversation about the build-up can end if the ball goes into the second third or half of the opponent’s field (depending on how high the opponent is pressing) - at this moment we observe the structure of the team’s attack.

In the example above, Arsenal’s build-up: 3+1 (three players in the first line and one in the second), as well as an attacking player who has dropped below.

Hybrid scheme

- an arrangement that can easily change not just during the game, but even during one episode. Vivid examples are the hybrid 4-3-3 and 4-4-2 of France at the 2018 World Cup or Allegri's Juventus, 5-3-2 and 5-4-1 in some CSKA matches under Goncharenko (for example, the first game against " Roma" in the Champions League season 2018/19). In most cases, switching between hybrid scheme modes is controlled by one player: in France and Juve this player is Matuidi, for CSKA in that match against Roma it was Vlasic.

Terms describing pressure.

Pressing – putting pressure on the team in possession of the ball.
Well, or the degree of pressure applied - there are teams that calmly allow the opponent to bring the ball to their third and then begin to try to take the ball away. Low block
, also known as a “bus”, is a type of pressing where a team meets the opponent very low, starting the pressure behind the halfway line or even just in their third.

Middle block

– a type of pressing when the team meets the opponent starting from the second third.

High block

– a type of pressure when a team meets an opponent in his own third.

Triggers

– certain events on the field that activate pressing. For example, if the opponent makes a back pass, the team that used the middle block can switch to high pressing to the defenders or even to the goalkeeper. There are a lot of triggers, the main ones are: transmission (one or more) back; passing to a weak player; a series of passes across the field without advancing the ball; pass to the flank. Pressing a pass to the flank is also called a flank trap: several players rush at the ball carrier on the flank, cutting off all possible options for him - as in the picture below.

Counterpressing (or gegenpressing)

— pressing the opponent immediately after the attacking side loses the ball.
This technique is important for any team, including the top ones, such as Guardiola’s Manchester City or Klopp’s Liverpool. The point is that the opponent, having taken the ball, does not yet have time to reorganize in such a way as to successfully control the ball. Getting the ball back is much easier if the opponent is disorganized. And after that, you can catch your opponent on a counterattack - because, again, he lost his organization, trying to move from defense to attack and losing the ball in the process. It is important to note: counter-pressing is not a separate type or type of pressing (despite the fact that it has much in common with pressing), because it is aimed at returning the ball not during the opponent’s possession, but during the transition from one’s possession to the opponent’s possession. Compactness and breaks between lines.
If the distance between the horizontal lines (defense, midfield and attack) and between the players inside these lines is small, then the team is compact. Compactness minimizes the gaps between the lines, that is, the space that appears in the opponent’s defense and which is poorly controlled by him. In general, compactness is a positive quality, but in this case the team becomes vulnerable to quick transfers to the flanks. But top teams, such as Simeone's Atlético, are able to move quickly from one side to the other, maintaining a compact formation.

Zone overloads

– creation by the attacking team of a numerical advantage (or at least equality, if there is a positional/qualitative/dynamic advantage) in one of the zones on the field against the opponent. For example, in the picture below, Arsenal has an advantage in the allocated zone, 2-on-1, this can also be called an overload. A little later, one more player from each team will come to this zone, and the advantage will become 3-on-2.

They overload either with the goal of breaking down the opponent's defense due to an advantage, or with the goal of drawing as many opponent players as possible into a certain zone, thereby defusing another and quickly delivering the ball there.

As a rule, it is the flanks and half-flanks that are overloaded, but the center of the field and even entire horizontal lines can be overloaded (for example, 5 players in attack against 4 players in defense create a 5-on-4 situation).

Isolation

- 1-in-1 situations. They are created due to overloads: if the attacking team overloaded one flank and quickly transferred the ball to the other (transferred for isolation), then on the other flank the player of the attacking team with the ball will be face to face with the defending player. If the player with the ball is technical enough, then he has a qualitative advantage over his opponent (and will probably be able to beat him). For example, Guardiola used this in Bayern with Ribery, Robben and Costa on the flanks and still uses it in Manchester City with Sane, Sterling and Mahrez.

Overloading the defensive line with attacking players also often creates 1-on-1 situations in which a more powerful/technical/fast striker will have an advantage over the opponent - in general, such situations can also be called isolations, but this term is mainly used in 1-on situations -1 on the flanks.