Diseases of the teeth and oral cavity: types of dental diseases, list of common dental problems

Dental diseases of the teeth are a group of pathologies that affect the enamel, gums, oral cavity, as well as the jaw and chewing muscles. Dentists call them harmless to humans, since the mortality rate is negligible. However, it is these disorders that determine the patient’s overall well-being: they affect self-esteem and an internal sense of comfort.

Experts recommend not to let the situation get worse and to closely monitor the condition of your teeth. Due attention allows you to avoid serious complications, as well as promptly identify defects that need correction.

In this article we examine in detail the most common problems, as well as methods of treating them.

Basic terms in dentistry: names and causes of inflammatory diseases of the teeth and oral cavity

It plays a vital function in the digestion process: it is responsible for grinding food and influencing its subsequent breakdown by enzymes. In addition, there is a huge number of microorganisms that create natural microflora, but are considered opportunistic. This nuance determines the fact that any dental disorders progress extremely quickly.

Among the key factors in the occurrence of dental diseases are:

• poor hygiene;
• mechanical injuries and damage;
• chronic illnesses;
• metabolic disorders and abnormalities;
• the presence of thermal irritants in the body;
• bad environment;
• hereditary predisposition.

The branch of medicine that studies the emergence and development of pathologies is called etiology. It is partially correlated with diagnostic procedures, as it helps in determining pathogenesis.

Flexible prostheses.

Removable dentures made of nylon or polyurethane are easy to remove from the mouth and clean by hand. The first thing to do is to rinse them with water (it is best to use boiled water), as this is the fastest, easiest and most effective way to remove food debris from dentures of this type; however, it is not sufficient for its complete comprehensive cleaning. The mechanical action of a soft toothbrush can achieve better cleaning of the denture, but it is necessary to use a special paste (flexible dentures are cleaned with a brush simultaneously with rinsing with water). Therefore, there are special solutions for flexible dentures. For some time (from 15–20 minutes to several hours), the prosthesis is immersed in a special antiseptic liquid. Solutions are sold ready-made or prepared by simply dissolving an antiseptic concentrate in water.

Classification: types of main dental diseases of the teeth

Conventionally, all violations can be divided into two broad categories - those associated with damage to the enamel, and those caused by processes occurring in periodontal tissues. There is another classification principle - based on “carious” affiliation:

• with existing caries lesions;
• non-carious deviations.

The second option is considered the simplest and most convenient to treat if the problem is detected at an early stage. In addition, it is easier for patients to comply with prescriptions, which simplifies the process of rehabilitation measures.

Note that congenital and hereditary pathologies stand apart. They are formed in the womb and are very difficult to correct.

Developmental and eruption disorders

What are the different dangerous dental diseases? Perhaps the most serious problems are caused by congenital or hereditary causes. In these cases, the exacerbation does not begin due to pathogenic bacteria, pathogens or other factors. Such pathologies, as a rule, play a symptomatic role. They signal about malfunctions occurring in the body and force you to take immediate action.

Edentia

A pathological process accompanied by the loss of individual units or complete rows. In extremely severe stages, complete tooth loss occurs. The disease begins to develop during intrauterine development. The main factor is poor heredity or serious illnesses suffered by the mother while carrying the fetus. Due to jaw overload, even healthy teeth can become loose.

Superset

A disease in which excess elements appear in the oral cavity, which have an extremely negative effect on the state of the bite, and provokes additional speech and chewing problems. Dentists recommend removing such units, and the sooner the better.

Fusion and Merger

A rather rare deviation, expressed in the connection of tooth buds with dental cement. The main processes unfold during the formation of elements. Only 1% of people are prone to this disease. As a rule, the disease is diagnosed as part of a temporary dentition. In adulthood, pain is approximately 5-6 times less, so patients often do not suspect the presence of a problem until a visit to the dentist.

Spear-shaped teeth

A disease that affects crowns. It is considered infrequent - it occurs in one case in a thousand. It causes both aesthetic, psychological and physiological inconvenience. Usually it is a consequence of chronic injury to the inner surface of the cheeks, lips, and tongue. In some patients it is accompanied by hypoplasia.

Impacted teeth

An ailment in which the teeth are unable to fully erupt. As medical practice shows, the problem begins to bother people due to the gums being blocked by bone layers. Another reason is premature loss of elements.

Dystopian teeth

A disease in which the incorrect location of units is recorded. The displacement occurs as a result of deviations of the alveolar ridges from the norm. It causes psychological discomfort, disrupts the beauty of a smile, and interferes with the correct functioning of the masticatory muscles.

Macrodentia and microdentia

Congenital hereditary anomalies that determine the specifics of development. Manifested in improper formation and scaling of teeth. They have a negative impact on the bite and the aesthetics of the smile. They are also extremely rare - in every 20 people (in the context of not a single state, but the whole world).

Caries

Almost every person sooner or later encounters this unpleasant disease, which has a detrimental effect on teeth and general well-being. After all, when a toothache begins, it seems that the whole body aches. The first signs of caries include:

• Changing the natural color of the tooth;
• The appearance of dark spots on the enamel.

Usually this process goes almost unnoticed - nothing hurts or bothers you. That is why most often the condition of the teeth worsens, leading to serious consequences.

The main symptoms of caries are increased sensitivity of teeth to hot or cold, sweets. This happens for one simple reason: bacteria affect the enamel, it becomes thinner, reaching the nerve. If plaque is not removed carefully, it can lead to tooth decay. It should not be allowed to penetrate deep into the tissue, as this is fraught with serious complications, including removal.

Treatment of caries occurs as follows:

• The affected areas of the tooth are excised;
• The resulting cavity is filled with filling material. This can be an inlay or a veneer.

An important issue that arises for many patients of the DemoStom clinic is the quality of filling materials. Our dentists work only with well-known companies in dental circles that produce reflective composite materials. Such compositions have a high degree of adhesion to the tooth, excellent mechanical strength, color stability, and a low level of abrasion. Due to the variety of materials, colors, shades, the doctor can recreate a unit that has an identical appearance to the rest of the teeth in the row. Cements have not lost their relevance, only now they are produced with improved characteristics. They are widely used in pediatric dentistry because they are non-toxic.

Diseases associated with enamel

What are the possible dental problems due to enamel damage? In the vast majority of cases, they are associated with violations of the structure and integrity of the rows. Usually they are a consequence of internal failures in the body. They are eliminated only at the moment when the factor that provoked their exacerbation disappears.

Fluorosis

A chronic disease that develops during eruption. Accompanied by structural damage, darkening, and loss of dentin. The reason is excess fluoride, which is explained by long-term use of fluoridated water, medications, etc.

Cracks

Deviation, usually localized on the anterior chewing row. It looks like vertically or horizontally located defects of a non-carious nature. Appears due to sudden temperature changes, aggressive chemical exposure, or due to injury.

Turner teeth

An advanced form of local manifestations of hypoplasia. It is fixed long before the first eruptions and has nothing to do with carious lesions. Externally it looks like an enamel layer. Sometimes accompanied by excessive sensitivity.

Hypoplasia

Pathological phenomena of a congenital nature, which is characterized by a complete or partial absence of enamel. If we talk about the external picture, then it is worth noting depigmented or white spots, rather large grooves based on the surface, as well as small depressions. Caused by incorrect structure of hard dental tissues. If left untreated, it is complemented by acute forms of caries.

Wedge-shaped defect

Disadvantages expressed in wedge-shaped cavities in the cervical region of the units. This occurs due to the fact that certain areas of the enamel disappear, resulting in wedge holes. The problem can be registered on any element, but more often on fours and fives.

Causes of stomatitis

Stomatitis is both an independent disease and a manifestation of other diseases. The causes of stomatitis can be:

Other dental diseases: list of dental diseases with photos

Next, we propose to analyze ailments that may appear as a result of teething or age-related changes.

Grinding

A pathology in which there is a rapid decrease in hard tissue. Provokes thinning of enamel and damage to dentin. It can affect both individual units and full-fledged rows.

Erosion

A process in which a violation of enamel integrity is recorded. Some areas are damaged symmetrically. Main signs: changes in pigment, various cosmetic defects, painful reaction to cold or spicy food.

Pathological resorption

Loss of root tissue caused by chronic diseases, advanced periodontal disease or progressive pulp disease. It can be one-sided or combined. In the absence of rehabilitation and therapeutic therapy, tooth loss occurs.

Deposits and build-ups

They are mineralized residues that form above or below the gums. The main material for formation is food particles, the results of the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as components of saliva. They trigger processes that provoke periodontitis.

Pulpitis

Complications of caries include pulpitis. This is an inflammation of the neurovascular bundle located inside the tooth. The disease is accompanied by such unpleasant sensations as acute pain, which is difficult to eliminate with pills. In the evening and at night the pain intensifies and becomes aching. If at the initial stage there is a chance to save the unit, then with each subsequent stage of development of pulpitis, the chances become less and less. The dentist removes damaged tissue and applies medicine. Covers the diseased area with a temporary filling. If the method does not help, the inflammation continues, then the pulp is removed under local anesthesia and the canals are cleaned. After this, filling is carried out. A tooth deprived of nutrition, up to a certain point, simply performs a chewing function.

List of neurotic dental diseases

Stressful periods have a particularly detrimental effect on the state of the body. In addition, as practice shows, the quality of oral hygiene deteriorates sharply. A person simply forgets about cleaning or does not do it thoroughly enough, which increases the risk of developing caries. The parallel use of sedative medications disrupts the production of saliva and causes a feeling of dryness.

Gradually, all this is reflected in psychosomatics - muscle spasms and pain are detected. The most common occurrence is excessive clenching of the jaw.

Bruxism

A disorder characterized by uncontrollable grinding of teeth caused by emotional stress. As a rule, it makes itself felt during sleep. The causes of its appearance include stress, prolonged depression, and malfunctions of the masticatory apparatus.

Grinding

This is not so much a full-fledged disorder as a symptom. Occurs when muscle spasms occur when the patient clenches his jaw tightly. In the vast majority of cases, the person does not even know there is a problem. It is detected during routine dental examinations.

Treatment of stomatitis

Treatment of stomatitis depends on the severity and cause of the disease and includes the following measures:

1. For bacterial stomatitis, antibacterial drugs are prescribed. For fungal stomatitis - antifungal drugs, for viral ones - antiviral drugs

Important! Antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal drugs are prescribed only by the attending physician!

2. For high fever and pain, antipyretic and painkillers are prescribed

3. Vitamin therapy. It is especially important to take vitamins A, C, E

4. Immunomodulatory drugs

5. Antiseptic treatment of the oral cavity. Antiseptics are used in the form of solutions, sprays, tablets, ointments

6. Epithelializing agents are used after acute phenomena have subsided

7. Sanitation of the oral cavity, removal of dental plaque

8. A gentle diet

9. Eliminating allergens and taking antihistamines

Important! Stomatitis is treated by a dentist, in some cases together with a therapist, infectious disease specialist, allergist and dermatologist. If you have symptoms, consult a specialist.

The main dental diseases in humans: what they are and how to treat them

Modern medical practice, implemented in the Dentika dental clinic, actively uses innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment. Almost any disease can be eliminated provided that you seek help in a timely manner, as well as follow all doctor’s prescriptions and prescriptions. Among the measures used by dentists are:

• filling;
• surgical intervention;
• prosthetics;
• implantation;
• aesthetic correction.

In addition, professional hygiene methods are used: bleaching, restoration, etc.

Answers to popular questions

Which doctor treats stomatitis?

The dentist, if necessary, can refer the patient to other doctors.

Do I need to take antibiotics for stomatitis?

Some forms of stomatitis require the use of antibacterial agents, but in most cases this is not only useless, but even dangerous, since it can lead to dysbacteriosis. Antibiotics should be taken only as prescribed by a doctor in the prescribed dosage.

How long does it take to treat stomatitis?

Depends on the severity and form of the disease. On average 7-10 days.

Is stomatitis contagious?

Not all forms of stomatitis are contagious. Traumatic stomatitis is absolutely not contagious. If stomatitis is caused by viruses, such as herpes or measles, the risk of infection is very high.

Prevention

Above, we examined in detail what dental diseases are called and what are the main reasons for their occurrence. Now let's talk about preventive measures to avoid serious problems and pathologies.

If you experience any strange sensations in your mouth, it is recommended that you make an appointment with your dentist immediately. He will conduct an initial examination and draw up an individual treatment program. However, in some cases it is possible not to resort to aggressive measures of influence and limit oneself to supportive manipulations.

So, what needs to be done to prevent the development of diseases?

• Do not ignore the symptoms that appear - go to the doctor immediately.
• Do not let the disease worsen, follow all dental recommendations and prescriptions.
• Get professional examinations every six months.
• Maintain hygiene at home, use only high-quality products.
• Don’t forget about professional hygiene - ultrasonic cleaning should be done once every six months to a year.

In addition, it is important to adhere to the principles of proper nutrition and give up bad habits.

Therapy methods

• Etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease (antiviral, antibacterial therapy due to the infectious nature of stomatitis, glossitis, cheilitis, vitamin therapy for hypovitaminosis, treatment of the underlying disease that caused the appearance of a pathological process in the oral cavity) of the mucous membrane;
• Local treatment aimed at eliminating local traumatic factors, the main symptoms of the disease and faster healing of existing erosions and ulcers;
• A general strengthening procedure that stimulates the body's defenses.

Let's sum it up

Dentistry studies the etiology, symptoms, and treatment features of the most common dental diseases. There are a huge number of reasons that provoke oral problems. Some of them are easily eliminated, others are subject to only partial correction. However, for both cases the rule is true: the sooner you start working on dental treatment, the higher the likelihood of a favorable outcome. That is why it is important not to let things take their course and undergo regular medical examinations.

Diagnosis of pathologies

Modern techniques used in dentistry make it possible to quickly identify infectious or fungal diseases of the oral mucosa. It is worth noting that self-diagnosis, as well as subsequent attempts at self-medication, often cause a deterioration in the general condition. Determining the causes of pathological changes is a medical task for which the following are used:

• Microscopic examination of samples.
• Test for allergic reactions.
• Test for viral pathogens.
• General examination and medical history.

Timely diagnosis is necessary to develop and implement the correct treatment plan that addresses both negative symptoms and factors that are proven to cause pathological changes.